Leases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leases - Essay Example IAS 17 has undergone many revisions in the past to improve its application. However, even with all the amendments and revisions, it still has some issues that cause problems in its application in accounting for leases. The purpose of IAS 17 is to classify leases and provide the policies to guide how a firm treats leases in its financial statements. The standard has a few exceptions concerning some lease agreements. Some assets are also not part of the standard, therefore, their recognition and treatment do not fall within the standard. For the leases and assets that qualify within the standard, classification divides them into finance and operating leases (IFRS, 2013a, p.771). The determination of the class of a lease as either a finance lease or an operating lease is at the commencement of the lease agreement. IAS 17.4 defines the two classes of leases giving their characteristics. The substance of the transaction, as opposed to the form, determines whether a lease is a finance or operating lease (IFRS, 2013a, p.772). The treatment and accounting for the two classes of leases differs. The lessee recognizes operating leases as an expense. The lease payments appear in the income statement as an exp ense over the lease term and follow a straight-line basis. The lessor recognizes assets under lease in the balance sheet. The income statement of the lessor recognizes the lease income on a straight-line basis. As for finance leases, their accounting involves recognition both as an asset and liability in the books of the lessee. The value to appear in the books is either the asset’s fair value or the present value of the minimum lease payments, whichever is lower. The lessee also accounts for the depreciation of the asset in accordance with the existing depreciation policies and apportions lease payments between the reduction of the outstanding liability and the finance charge. On the lessor’s books, the accounting for a

Cervical Cancer Essay Example for Free

Cervical Cancer Essay Cervical cancer is a disease in which cancer cells develop in the tissues of the cervix. Cancer is not just one disease but a group of diseases that have in common the uncontrolled growth cells. A collection of any abnormal cells are known as a tumor. Cancer is diagnosed when a tumor is found to be spreadable. There are no signs or symptoms in the early stage of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is very slow growing cancer and when caught early it can be treated successfully. When you get to the progressed stages of cervical cancer, there are many signs and symptoms. Lower back pain, pelvic pain, painful urinary infection, and increased urinary frequency are a couple of symptoms of cervical cancer. Getting a yearly pap smear are the best screening test currently available to evaluate the cells on the face of the cervix. There are screening tests for four kinds of cancer and one of the four kinds is cervical cancer so I would go get one done if you are female. Cervical cancer has multiple stages running from 0 to 4 with A and B steps for each except for 0. Stage 0 is where cancerous cervical cells have been detected bet have not spread the surrounding tissue, and is treated with a cone biopsy or a hysterectomy for more severe cases. Stage 1 is the cancer has grown into the cervical tissue. Then in stages 1A1 and 1A2 the invasion area is between 3mm and 5mm deep and less then 7mm wide. In stage 1B2 the cancer is longer then 4cm across and not usually spread and to get rid of it is surgery or radiotherapy. In stage 2 the cancer has started to spread into the surrounding tissues. Stage 2A the cancer has started to spread into the vagina but not in the womb. Stage 2b is usually treated with a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The cancer has spread from the area surrounding the cervix is stage 3 and may have spread to the lower part of the vagina into the muscles and ligaments lining the pelvic wall or into the Ulster’s which are the tubes that drain the kidneys. Stage 4 is the most advanced form of cervical cancer and it refers to the stage where the cancer has spread to other organs within the body. This stage is usually treated with a combination of surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy. These are the stages to cervical cancer. The risk factors that you can not change for cervical cancer are age, race, and family history. The risk factors that I can change in my life are sexual behaviors, diet, exercise, smoking and staying away from chemicals. There is a lot I need to do to lower my chance of getting cancer. I need to stop smoking for one of steps this would be a huge step forward. I want to stop smoking because it is the most effective thing I can do to lower risk of cancer and other serious diseases. I do not have many current healthful behaviors for me to keep because I need to develop a healthy routine. To reduce my chances of cancer I would need to set myself up with a diet and exercising plan. Eating more vegetables and fruits, the daily amount is three or more servings daily which mean I have to buy more fruits and vegetables, more often. It makes a lot of sense to try to avoid developing cancer especially since the treatments are only partially effective and frequently almost as unpleasant as the disease itself.

William Carlos Williams This is Just to Say Essay -- Poem Williams Th

William Carlos Williams' This is Just to Say poem (p m) – noun: 1. A verbal composition designed to convey experiences, ideas, or emotions in a vivid and imaginative way, characterized by the use of language chosen for its sound and suggestive power and by the use of literary techniques such as meter, metaphor, and rhyme. 2. A composition in verse rather than in prose. 3. A literary composition written with an intensity or beauty of language more characteristic of poetry than of prose. -- The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Copyright  © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. According to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, there are three different definitions of a poem. William Carlos Williams’ highly anthologized poem, â€Å"This Is Just to Say,† fits only one of those descriptions. The single reason it can be classified as a poem is that it is written in verse. In all else, â€Å"This Is Just to Say† fails not only as a poem, but as an interesting work of writing. â€Å"This Is Just to Say† makes absolutely no use of any literary techniques. It lacks rhyme, meter, metaphor, simile, symbol, analogy, allusion and any other device one can think of. The only alliteration present is in the second to last line and is otherwise so sparse as to make that bit seem accidental. Any person attempting to read the poem as a â€Å"metaphor for a variety of larger conflicts,† as the opponent of this particular paper claims, is making it up out of whole cloth and giving Williams far too much credit. True, there are three stanzas, each composed of four lines, but that hardly qualifies a piece as a genuine poem. There is no discernable pattern of syl... ...had been fooled. It’s about time that somebody called the emperor’s bluff. Not even Williams himself originally intended â€Å"This Is Just to Say† to be read as a poem, so any attempt to defend it as one is doomed to fail. Unless, of course, the person defending that position is of the belief that any set of words strung together with the proper line breaks is magically transformed into a poem. In that case, everyone with a Magnetic Poetry Kit deserves to be as famous. William Carlos Williams simply took two ordinary sentences, chopped them up into lines and stanzas, and called it poetry. The so-called poem â€Å"This Is Just to Say† is in reality nothing more than two thinly disguised, unremarkable lines of prose. The name of all poetry is cheapened when people call notes such as these â€Å"poems.† The truth is, â€Å"This Is Just to Say† says very little indeed.

1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines Bill of Rights Essay

Article III enumerates the fundamental rights of the Filipino people. The Bill of Rights sets the limits to the government’s power which proves to be not absolute. Among the rights of the people are freedoms of speech, assembly, religion, and the press. An important feature here is the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus which have three available grounds such as invasion, insurrection and rebellion. PRINCIPLES Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws. – no person shall be deprived of life or principles and dignity without due Process of law or guidelines should be fair then all the protection of each. Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. – human rights and protection to their property and themselves against the search warrant without evidence against them except to prove that when probable caus e to determine personally the judge after examination under oath or affirmation the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be taken. Section 3. (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law. – The private communications and correspondence shall be inviolable except by court or when public safety requires otherwise as prescribed by law. (2). Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding. -If there is evidence that violation of this or in the next section that is impervious to any purpose. Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances. – no law can be passed or people can assemble and petition or said to the government for redress of grievances that can be able to abridging the freedom of speech or expression. Section 5. No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights. -There is no law to prevent an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise of its civil or political rights. Section 6. The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law. – The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits prescribed by law shall not be made except when disabled according to the law of the court, which may not be impaired except in the national or public man safety as maybe that has been provide by the law. Section 7. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law. -the human right of the information and on public concern shall be recognized, based on the records pertaining to official acts basis to government use for research documents detailed on policy development afforded by the citizen subject to such limitations as may be provided by law. Section 8. The right of the people, including those employed in the public and private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged. -the people including those who are employed to the private sector will form a union or associations to the built a negotiation for them that is not against the law. Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation. -the private property shall not be used for public use without paying anything or allowed by the owner. Section 10. No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed. -There is no law that can pass impairing to the obligation of contracts. Section 11. Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of poverty. -any person should not be denied by reason of poverty of adequate legal assistance in court. Section 12. (1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel. -any person that is been under investigation of any offence has a right to inform his right and remain silent and have competent and independent counsel on his choice, if the person cannot afford the service of counsel he must be provided with one and this right must be raised in the court. (2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited. (3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17 hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him. (4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this section as well as compensation to the rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar practices, and their families. Section 13. All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before convict ion, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required. -all persons except those charged with offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua and when evidence is that he/she is guilty strong shall be bailable, has the right to bail. Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due process of law. (2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused: Provided, that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is unjustifiable. Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in cases of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it. Section 16. All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies. Section 17. No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. -no person can be a witness against himself. Section 18. (1) No person shall be solely by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations. -No person only by reason of his political beliefs and aspirations. (2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. -no person is excepted by the punishment of the crime by only involuntary servitude he should be duly convicted. Section 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua. (2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment against any prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law. Section 20. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax -No man is a prisoner just because tax debt Section 21. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. If an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution for the same act. – Nobody was twice put in jeopardy of punishment. Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted. – No ex post facto law or bill of attainder is legislation. Searches – To make a thorough examination of; look over carefully in order to find something; explore. Seashore – The coast of the sea; the land that lies adjacent to the sea or ocean. Warrantless Arrest -Under the Rules of Court, Rule 113, Section 5, a warrantless arrest, also known as â€Å"citizen’s arrest,† is lawful under three circumstances: 1. When, in the presence of the policeman, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually committing, or is attempting to commit an offense. This is the â€Å"in flagrante delicto† rule. 2. When an offense has just been committed, and he has probable cause to believe, based on personal knowledge of facts or circumstances, that the person to be arrested has committed it. This is the â€Å"hot pursuit† arrest rule. 3. When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal establishment. In flagrante delicto warrantless arrest should comply with the element of immediacy between the time of the offense and the time of the arrest. For example, in one case the Supreme Court held that when the warrantless arrest was made three months after the crime was committed, the arrest was unconstitutional and illegal. Warrantless Searches -Our law on search and seizure has essentially been de,-eloped and refined from the injunction in our Constitution that† [t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable ~earc es and seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall not be violated.†]’ The injunction, however is qualified in terms: what is proscribed are only unreasonable searches and seizures. The Constitutional prohibition therefore readily translates itself into a â€Å"reasonableness† test. search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be determined by the judge, or such other responsible officer as may be authorized by law, after examination under oath or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.† Definition of bail- the temporary release of an accused person awaiting trial, sometimes on condition that a sum of money is lodged to guarantee their appearance in court: (he has been released on bail money paid by or for someone in order to secure their release on bail:they feared the financier would be tempted to forfeit the  £10 million bail and flee) Philippine Writ of Amparo Definition and nature: The writ of amparo is a remedy available to any person whose right to life, liberty, and security has been violated or is threatened with violation by an unlawful act or omission of a public official or employee, or of a private individual or entity. The writ covers extralegal killings and enforced disappearances or threats thereof.(Sec. 1, Rule on the Writ of Amparo, A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC, 25 September 2007), The word â€Å"Amparo† is a Spanish term which means â€Å"protection†. Writ of Habeas Corpus – is a writ (legal action) which requires a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court.[1][2] This ensures that a prisoner can be released from unlawful detention—that is, detention lacking sufficient cause or evidence. The remedy can be sought by the prisoner or by another person coming to the prisoner’s aid. This right originated in the English legal system, and is now available in many nations. It has historically been an important legal instrument safeguarding individual freedom against arbitrary state action. Double jeopardy -is a procedural defence that forbids a defendant from being tried again on the same (or similar) charges following a legitimate acquittal or conviction. In common law countries, a defendant may enter a peremptory plea of autrefois acquit or autrefois convict (autrefois means â€Å"previously† in French), meaning the defendant has been acquitted or convicted of the same offence. Self-incrimination -is the act of accusing oneself of a crime for which a person can then be prosecuted. Self-incrimination can occur either directly or indirectly: directly, by means of interrogation where information of a self-incriminatory nature is disclosed; indirectly, when information of a self-incriminatory nature is disclosed voluntarily without pressure from another person.

Exploring Love and Loss Essay

Guiding Question: How can we compare and explore the themes of love and loss within 4 poems of our choice? This essay will be based upon the four poems â€Å"First Love† by John Clare, â€Å"Remember† by Christina Rossetti, â€Å"When We Two Parted† by Lord Byron and â€Å"A Woman to Her Lover† by Christina Walsh. The themes of love and loss will be explored and compared in this essay, and we will be shown how the authors use of language, structure, and form in each poem, can be shown to portray their ideas, regarding love and loss. â€Å"First Love†, â€Å"Remember† and â€Å"When We Two Parted† have a fixed rhyme – (ABAB rhyme). However, â€Å"A Woman to Her Lover† has free verse structure (no iambic pentameter) which was used to develop the idea of freedom because the poem is about â€Å"real love† and freedom. It is the only poem of the four that doesn’t stick to any rhythm, maybe this is because the author wanted to capture the reader’s attention? A good example of this is when Christina Walsh says â€Å"O husband, I am yours forever and our co-equal love will make the stars to laugh with joy. † This is one way that Christina shows freedom in her poetry. â€Å"Remember† has a patriarchal sonnet, which is where the first eight lines discuss a particular idea of loss, and the last six lines offer a resolution/conclusion of that idea. â€Å"When We Two Parted† has a blank verse and uses an iambic pentameter. An example of an iambic pentameter in â€Å"When We Two Parted† is â€Å"Half broken-hearted, to sever for years. † This shows ten syllables, and with every other being stressed, it creates intensity and a certain amount of seriousness. In these two poems, â€Å"First Love† and â€Å"A Woman to Her Lover†, the authors try their best to represent the nature of love. In reading â€Å"First Love†, john Clare gives out a clear message to the readers: How it feels when we fall in love for the first time. He expresses falling in love as something magical. He describes how his legs â€Å"refused to walk away†, in other words meaning he was totally wrapped up in love and so mesmerized by her beauty that he did not actually want to walk away. â€Å"A Woman to Her Lover† is unusual. The poem represents love, but it is as If Christina Walsh doesn’t want to be possessed or worshipped, but respected instead. She thinks love means equal partnership; for example sharing things. It is not love if she does everything for her partner – â€Å"No servant will I be if that be what you ask. O lover I refuse you! † â€Å"When We Two Parted† and â€Å"Remember† both express love in different ways. â€Å"When We Two Parted† shows that you do not know what you have until you lose it. Lord Byron had many affairs and therefore when he found out that his mistress was dying, he could not openly grieve because nobody knew that they were lovers. When he found out about his mistress dying, he felt sad and depressed, but all the same felt trapped, because he could not express himself. This sadness and depression made it so hard for Byron to express his feelings, because maybe it caused her love for him to die. These four poems also represent loss in some ways. â€Å"When We Two Parted† and â€Å"Remember† are very similar. Both poems give a different kind of message to their lovers but have one thing in common – the loss of a good, strong relationship. Byron is portraying that his mistress dumped him and now he does not know how to deal with it because he is married and is having an affair. He cannot openly talk about how he feels as his affair was a secret. He also writes â€Å"A knell to mine ear† in the third stanza. This is explaining that if he hears her name, it would be like a death bell in his ears. This poem also shows love deteriorating. Christina Rossetti on the other hand, is explaining to her lover how she is dying slowly, and to move on and be happy. The first line â€Å"†¦ REMEMBER me when I am gone away† clearly tells us that this is poem is about loss and possibly death. She talks about separating from a loved one – possibly her husband – but it is not clear because in the second line she says that she will go â€Å"far away into a silent land. † This again could represent heaven – the fact that she is dying, or that she is just simply fed up of her relationship and wants to get away from everything, including love. â€Å"First Love† is the only poem out of these four that hardly represents loss (in the sense of never being to experience first love once again). It shows that he has lost his heart to her and is blinded by love. This can particularly be expressed when John Clare writes â€Å"and then my blood rushed to my face and took my eyesight quite away,† and â€Å"I could not see a single thing. † This shows that through his eyes, all he can see is her, and love, and he is overwhelmed by the feeling. However, â€Å"A Woman to Her Lover† represents loss because Christina Walsh’s partner is losing out on getting her. We can see this in the first three stanzas where Christina is refusing her lover and wants to be independent. Focusing on the first two stanzas mainly, there is evidence of Christina refusing her lover; â€Å"O lover I refuse you! † (First stanza) and â€Å"Fool, I refuse you! † (Second stanza), this shows that Rossetti may perhaps be trying to express loss, but the loss of which is derived from love. This is how the poems share a link, they are on the basis of love, but some waver off into loss. These four poems show different aspects of imagery. â€Å"First Love† uses natural imagery – for example â€Å"trees†, â€Å"flowers† and â€Å"snow† to create a positive mood, but â€Å"Remember† creates a dark and depressive mood, which we can clearly see from her style of language and tone, which is morbid. We can see this when Rossetti says â€Å"†¦ REMEMBER me when I am gone away, gone far away into the silent land, when you can no more hold me by the hand, nor I half turn to go yet turning stay. † The rhyme is also important here because it increases the fluency. â€Å"When We Two Parted† also creates a dull and depressive atmosphere because we can see from the title that the relationship is over and that there is bound to be grief from both lovers. Finally, â€Å"A Woman to Her Lover† expresses imagery that causes tension, as the last stanza has a turning point explaining how Christina Walsh will be with her husband forever, whereas in other stanzas she refuses her lover as mentioned above. To explore love and loss, and portray to the reader how they are felt, each writer uses a different mix of literary techniques. Similes can be very effective in comparing human emotions to items that the author can relate to. In â€Å"First Love,† One example of how John Clare uses similes is when he describes and compares his first love’s beauty to flowers – â€Å"Her face it bloomed like a sweet flower. † Clare also uses a hyperbole; â€Å"And then my blood rushed to my face and took my eyesight quite away. † This is known as a hyperbole (an exaggeration) because he isn’t literally blind, he has just lost his heart to a woman, and this highlights the phrase: love is blind, which is often heard these days. Clare was so caught up in love that he could not see anything else. He uses personification when saying â€Å"Are flowers the winters choice? † He is saying that he has never felt these feelings before, and is comparing love to snow because snow is beautiful. It was easy to picture the scene of the poems because it sounded sensible, and is backed up by a clear use of emotive language and imagery. Some things such as â€Å"snow† in â€Å"First Love† are unusual, but not unheard of, and so this results in people finding it is easy to paint a mental picture of. The ideas of love and loss in these poems are important as they show us what the speaker felt at the time. It was a personal experience to them, and the imagery they used was very effective because it took a powerful grip on the reader, and the way imagery was used, is something that readers could relate to. The authors made each poem sound as pure as possible through using literary techniques such as: metaphors, similes, hyperboles, adjectives, personification, and natural imagery. These four poems are effective because they explore the idea and theme of love and loss thoroughly enough for the readers to get a general perspective on how love and loss can affect us in everyday life.

Dream Analysis Essay Essays

Dream Analysis Essay Essays Dream Analysis Essay Essay Dream Analysis Essay Essay Most of us have at one clip or another experienced a dream. be it a incubus or a pleasant walk in a wood. Either manner. it was ever believed that dreams encompass a coded message that might be showing our hidden wants. things that happened in the yesteryear or even predict the hereafter. In the yesteryear. there have been many efforts to unknot the secret hidden behind the dreams and so far the universe came up with three chief theories of construing the dreams ( Freudian. Jungian and Cognitive ) ( Wade. Travis 1998 ) . In this essay I will try to analyse my dream by utilizing each of the theories mentioned supra. so compare the results every bit good as their possible connexions to my life and in the terminal determine. which one of these theories is the most accurate and therefore as a laic may state the â€Å"best† 1. However. I have neer believed that my dreams have any significance and in the class of this analysis I will seek to turn out that the Cognitive position entirely offers the most sensible account of my dreams. My dream had begun on a deserted shore. After a piece. I was able to happen a small bungalow that belonged to a fisherman. I needed from him a boat in order to acquire to an island ( it looked like a great mountain that was lifting from the H2O and was covered with snow ) . All of a sudden. I sat in the boat with four of my roomies every bit good as with my male parent and gramps. However. merely so have we found out that we do non hold plenty nutrient to acquire to that island. so we turned our boat back to the seaport. Upon our return. we had gone into a wood that was covering about all of the land that we were able to see. After a period of clip. the length of which I was non able to find. we have found an arbor and there were many cervid running around it. But alternatively of hiting any of them. I shot an old ugly hog with six slugs. That was the terminal of my dream. The following twenty-four hours in the forenoon I wrote it down every bit shortly as I woke up. Sigmund Freud. in his celebrated book â€Å"Interpretation of Dreams† ( 1900 ) presented his new theories about finding the existent significance of our dreams. Harmonizing to his book. our dreams in their nucleus represent our deepest wants. desires and instinctual ideas. However. as these dreams in their original signifier ( latent contents ) were unacceptable for our consciousness. the â€Å"censor† ( an unconscious mechanism ) shaped them into an acceptable and symbolic signifier ( manifest content ) . These symbols may stand for a condensation ( combination of many constituents ) . a composite ( combination of two constituents ) . a supplanting ( portion of ) or representation ( utility symbol ) of latent ( original ) contents of a dream. However. Sigmund Freud used every bit good the technique of the free association in order to find the existent significance of the dream. because sometimes it was non possible to make so by using the dream work maps ( condensation. composite. supplanting. representation ) merely ( Freud 1900 ) . To be more specific about the procedure of analysing any dream. Freud thought that merely those objects and symbols are of important importance that we forget every bit shortly as few yearss pass by and our unconscious â€Å"censor† has adequate clip to wipe out them from our memory ( Freud 1900 ) . When I have compared the two versions of my dream ( the 1 that I put down instantly after waking up and the other 1 that was written after four yearss ) I found out that the undermentioned things and objects were omitted: ? Peoples that were in the boat with me? Deer around the arbor? Six slugs ( that I have shot the hog with ) The fact. that these objects were omitted signified a fact that they are ( from Freudian point of position ) of important importance. Peoples that were in the boat with me were the 1s I like and ask for an advice or aid. The fact that they were in the boat with me could intend that I need them or possibly that I will necessitate them sometimes in the hereafter. However. we can explicate it besides in another manner. Possibly they are merely decelerating my boat down and hence I can non travel towards my ends every bit fast as I would wish to. If we take into consideration this account of these people in my boat. it could intend that in order to accomplish my purposes. I need to make it on my ain and harmonizing to my ain sentiments. But the cervid around the arbor is much greater mystifier than the objects discussed earlier. It could stand for cognition that I might necessitate along my manner or it could even stand for a adult female ( who I will likely necessitate in the class of my life ) . However. when I apply that result to my present state of affairs. the first result ( cognition ) is much more likely than the 2nd one. Last things that I have omitted were those six slugs. Number six. harmonizing to the common cognition in my state. is an luckless figure. therefore it could hold stood for decease. for bad fortune or for a bad pick that I have made when I decided to hit that hog and non the cervid. It may mean that before I set out for my journey. I may do a bad determination that I will endure from on my manner to the mountain ( porc is non every bit good as venison ) . However. my Internet beginning mentioned that figure six symbolizes completeness and in some instances it may signalise a struggle in the hereafter ( Gifford ) . As it could be observed. there was used the method of free association chiefly in combination with the dream work map of representation. Nevertheless. all of these accounts could hold been truth. but in their nucleus they are excessively general and their significance is sometimes excessively equivocal. Therefore I would non see the Freudian theory of dream analysis as an accurate manner to analyse my dream and therefore I may claim that it is irrelevant to utilize this theory in order to analyse any dream. The Jungian dream analysis is fundamentally based on the analysis of the most powerful image from our dream be it a topographic point. individual or even a colour ( Johnson 2002 ) . Then there is used the method called elaboration. when all of the significances that this image could hold had are written down. In the following portion of the Jungian dream analysis are all of these possible significances divided into three chief groups ( personal. cultural. archetypical ) . Then the last measure is to associate these significances to the current jobs or to the unsaid facets of personality ( subjective analysis ) ( Wade. Travis 1998 ) . In my dream the most powerful image had been the mountain that towered itself in the distance. It looked great and it seemed that it is non possible to acquire on the top of it and that was one of the grounds why I endeavored to acquire on the really top of it. As it was mentioned in the paragraph above. I have tried to happen all of the possible significances that the mountain might hold and split them into three groups: A. Personal significance: challenge. ends. enterprises B. Cultural Meaning: nature. strength. infinity. majesty C. Archetypal Meaning: any undertaking that an person is confronting ( Gifford ) Consequently to the last portion of Jung’s analysis. I tried to associate all of the words mentioned in each of those groups to my personal and present life. However. the cultural significance every bit good as the archetypal of the word mountain did non look to hold any connexion with my individual and therefore I focused largely on the personal significance of this word. As it was mentioned in the group A. . mountain represents to me a challenge. effort of attempts in order to accomplish my ends and purposes. Besides the Internet provided me with an archetypical significance that was similar to the associations mentioned in the group of â€Å"personal meaning† words. It pointed out that this image might typify a undertaking that I am confronting at the minute or that I will meet in the hereafter ( Gifford ) . At the minute I am a pupil at the UNYP in the 1st twelvemonth of the Bachelor Program. Naturally. in instance that I want to accomplish success. I have to work hard and seek to make my best. As we can see. the personal significances of mountain are truly closely interconnected with my present province and therefore we may claim that this dream analysis has provided me with an advice about accomplishing my ends in the hereafter or at least at school. However. there is a demand to chew over for a piece about the manner Carl Jung analyzes his dreams. When we take any object. be it a tabular array or a H2O pail. by constructive thought and certain associations. we are able to come with all kinds of possible significances that we can associate with some specific portion of our life. Therefore. we may state that this manner of dream analysis is more accurate than the Freudian ( because it has provided me at least with a sensible advice about my hereafter ) . but as we could see. the results were excessively general signifier me to find the existent significance of my dream and therefore from my position is the Jungian dream analysis irrelevant. The last theory about the significance of our dreams is called the Cognitive View. Harmonizing to this specific attack. the dreams are merely left over memories. which are indiscriminately reoccurring during our slumber ( Wade. Travis 1998 ) . When I tried to happen a image in my memory that would be similar be to my dream. I came with an result that was possibly non that surprising. During my life. I have truly been in a boat near an island. which consisted from drops merely. that towered high above the H2O surface. My male parent was at that place with me as good. This was merely a one analogue between my yesteryear and my dream. I am certain that. if I will analyze my past closely. I would be able to happen all of the objects that reappeared in my dream. However. the lone difference between my dream and the yesteryear was. that the dream. in my sentiment. was non merely an exact image that mirrored that past. on the contrary it was a mix of past experiences that have reappeared in my dream. To sum up. the Cognitive View has provided me with a logical account in all inside informations of my dream and therefore it is in my sentiment better than the other two theories that were used in the old paragraphs to analyse my dream To compare the usefulness and truth of both of these theories ( Freudian and Jungian ) and the Cognitive position. we have to use them to our present province. to our yesteryear and future programs. As our psychological science teacher Mike Johnson pointed out in one of his talks: â€Å"The best reading ( of a dream ) is the 1 that has the greatest logical significance and is largely assisting you to work out these jobs. † ( Johnson 2002 ) . From this point of position. the best logical and sensible account of my dream has provided the Cognitive View. which. as it was mentioned in the paragraph above. assumes that all of our dreams are merely left over memories. In my personal sentiment it is true. because I was genuinely able to happen in that dream of mine certain facets that belonged to my yesteryear. Of class. I am non claiming that the theories of dream analysis of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung that worked for decennaries are incorrect. but in my instance the result of these two theories was excessively general every bit good as obscure for me to believe that they represent the best manner of dream analysis. Freud. S. ( 1900 ) . Interpretation of Dreams: NY. New York. Gifford. T. ( n. d. ) . Myths Dreams Symbols. Retrieved October 15th. 2002 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. mythsdreamssymbols. com/ Johnson. M. ( 2002 ) . Lecture. General Psychology. University of New York / Prague. Prague. Czech Republic. Wade. C. A ; Travis. C. ( 1998 ) . Psychology ( 5th Ed. ) New York: Adison Wesley.

Colin Powell essays

Colin Powell essays When asked how he achieved his success, Colin Powell answered with two words, hard work. The American Military figure Colin Powell contributed much to society. Colin Powell had a very interesting background. First of, Colin Powell was born on April 15, 1937, at Harlems Presbyterian Hospital (Hughes 19). Furthermore Colin was born in Harlem, but for most of his childhood he lived in the South Bronx (Hughes 190. Moreover, Colin Powell got in some trouble when he was young, but nothing serious (Hughes 24). But on the other hand, when Colin was offered a job one day he accepted. The owner remembered Colin as a Hard-working man (Hughes 30). In conclusion, Colin Powells childhood was pretty much average, like everyone else. Colin Powells education was average compared to everyone elses. During his high school, Morris High school, he made a C-average throughout the years (Hughes 32). For example, his parents wanted Colin to go to college. They wanted him to have a good education. They thought of education as highly important (Hughes 41). Therefore, Colin Powell graduated with a B.A. from the city college of New York, with a major in geology (Levy 293). For this reason, Colin Powells education helped him along through his career. Colin Powell had many unique experiences. For instance, Colin Powell first met Alma Johnson on a blind date. It was a beginning of an eight-month relationship (Hughes 60-61). Later, on August 25, 1962, Alma Johnson married Colin Powell in the First Congregational Church on Center Street West in Birmingham (Hughes 64). Sadly thereafter, Luther Powell, Colins father, had died of liver cancer in his Queens home in April 1977 (Hughes 112). Later on, in June 1987 Michael Powell, Colin Powells son, flipped the jeep he was driving. He was thrown from the jeep and the jeep landed on him. He had to return to civilian life (Hugh ...

Mesohippus - Facts and Figures

Mesohippus - Facts and Figures Name: Mesohippus (Greek for middle horse); pronounced MAY-so-HIP-us Habitat: Woodlands of North America Historical Epoch: Late Eocene-Middle Oligocene (40-30 million years ago) Size and Weight: About four feet long and 75 pounds Diet: Twigs and fruit Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; three-toed front feet; large brain relative to its size    About Mesohippus You can think of Mesohippus as Hyracotherium (the ancestral horse previously known as Eohippus) advanced a few million years: this prehistoric horse represented an intermediate stage between the smallish hooved mammals of the early Eocene epoch, about 50 million years ago, and the large plains grazers (like Hipparion and Hippidion) that dominated the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs over 45 million years later. This horse is known by no less than twelve separate species, ranging from M. bairdi to M. westoni, which roamed the expanse of North America from the late Eocene to the middle Oligocene epochs. About the size of a deer, Mesohippus was distinguished by its three-toed front feet (earlier horses sported four toes on their front limbs) and the wide-set eyes set high atop its long, horse-like skull. Mesohippus was also equipped with slightly longer legs than its predecessors, and was endowed with what, for its time, was a relatively large brain, about the same size, proportionate to its bulk, as that of modern horses. Unlike later horses, however, Mesohippus fed not on grass, but on twigs and fruit, as can be inferred by the shape and arrangement of its teeth.

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 7

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example Therefore in this context, when a marketer wishes to grow and prosper then it’s necessary for him/her to consider the entire world as their consumer. This is true for products as well as services. Marketers majorly aim at improving brand image through several avenues. In most cases, the marketers aim at addressing the social and psychological needs of their customers to buy their brands over their competing brands in the market. The marketers also intend to identify the sociological and psychological drives such as attention and perception drives and motivations, consumer learning and memory, personality and self-concept, and attitude formation and change. The sociological needs include the peers and reference groups of the customers, the impact of social class and culture, family, and social categorization on the buyer behavior. The report at hand focuses on the marketing mix of a brand and the means through which the brand convinces and satisfies its customers. This current research paper delves into the marketing mix of Coca-Cola, a global brand in the soft drink industry, which has been a leader of the market. The Coca Cola Company has been successful in its operations commanding a large portion of the soft drink industry. Despite competition from other companies such as PepsiCo, the company has always been firm in its operations. The marketing strategies of the company have been very influential and its advertising appealing. The Coca Cola company license or owns and markets more than 500 non-alcoholic beverage brands, mainly sparkling beverages in addition to still beverages such as juices, waters, sports and energy drinks, ready-to-drink coffee, and enhanced waters. The company serves the global market, which include Europe, Africa and Eurasia, North America, Latin America, Pacific, Corporate and Bottling

Pros and cons of preschool and childrens development Term Paper

Pros and cons of preschool and childrens development - Term Paper Example Preschools arrange such outdoor activities that help children learn how to use their problem-solving skills and make choices. Children should learn in preschools the basic knowledge base which should help them in their academics when they go in kindergarten and the following years. The goal of preschools is to make the children learn comprehension, making predictions and decisions, solving problems, drawing logics, and interrelating images and language. Hence, preschools focus on the cognitive development of children preparing them for actual academics. They are taught concepts of time management, cleanliness, concentration, and innovation. Pros The activities and pretend play at a preschool is very efficient way of getting the preschoolers learn new ideas and skills that will help them in their coming lives. Their development can be â€Å"stimulated both by providing opportunity for children to learn on their own in play and by interacting in which the adults deliberately teaches s ome thing† (Dhingra, Manhas, & Raina, 2005). At 3 years of age, children want to initiate projects and play activities that help them build confident personalities, and the guilt or suppression can ruin their personalities for their entire lives (Erikson, 1994).

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 8

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example 2003, p. 285). Fair trade influence organizations and movements of products in the third world countries by ensuring that consumers pay fair prices for the products. Also, it ensures producers have healthy working conditions, and their rights are preserved from exploitation by some unethical consumer behaviors (Auger & Devinney 2007, p. 361). It is important to note that ethical consumer behaviour allows users to express their personal feelings freely and show the sense of responsibility to societies. It also enables them appreciate products from different companies (Auger et al. 2003, p. 299). Hines and Ames (2000), affirms that 68% of the population buys a product from a company because of the company’s ethical reputation. Also, they argue that 51% of the population makes purchases in different companies due to its behavior. This indicates that a higher per cent of the population are driven by the ethical standards of a producer to buy their products, and this encourages fair trading (Auger & Devinney 2007, p. 365). If the ethical reputation of a company is not standard, then most consumers will tend shy away from purchasing their products. This unethical behaviour can be in the forms of prices or the poor qualities of their products. It can also be due to weak and unhealthy working conditions of the workers and the violation of the consumer rights (Arvola & Vassallo 2008, p. 445). According to a study of a group of European consumers, indicates that most of the consumers are willing to pay more money for proved ethical products from the companies. These consumers are also willing to import ethical products from the producers in the developing countries thereby improving the standards of the producers. In his study of Belgian consumers, Dolan (2009, p. 38) indicated that most of the consumers are willing to pay about 10% more for fair-trade despite the country of

Race. Race as an Essentialist Concept & Race as a Social Construction Essay

Race. Race as an Essentialist Concept & Race as a Social Construction - Essay Example This paper will give a describe ethnicity and race through the social construction approach and primadialist approach. Social constructionist perspective states that the idea of race, which is best understood as the classification of individuals in terms of skin color, hair or body shape, is a biological concept employed when rationalizing and approving the unjust behavior towards groups of individuals by others. The instrumentalist approach further asserts that, social environments enhance the concept of races. Race only exists as long as it is in the collective agreement, imposition and agreement among people. Even if, race fall short of ontological existence, in the society it is real (Ishiyama & Breuning 218). According to social constructionist approach, ethnicity is viewed to be a contemporary instrumentalist symbol that advances the materialistic interests of different groups. These groups’ composition is subject to change due to competitive opportunities. Through this theory, ethnicity and ethnic groups are inventions or creations by opportunistic elites with the intention of manipulating the concept of ethnicity for their personal gain (Ishiyama & Breuning 222). The essentialist theory is based on the principles that, race is a reflection of essence intertwined in biological genes. It further states that race is an indication of traits or abilities, and it is unchangeable. Race to a primordialist is inborn, and a natural phenomenon which man cannot influence (Spencer 43). The primordialist approach is embedded in the view that ethnicity is a permanent feature which is rooted deeply in all essential experiences and activities performed by groups of persons. The approach asserts that individuals in society are divided on a permanent basis and in a manner that is unchangeable. Ethnic groups according to essentialist perspective are unique units categorized on the concept of a common origin. The concept of a common

Domestic Violence is a Serious Public Health Issue Essay

Domestic Violence is a Serious Public Health Issue - Essay Example Thus, focusing on the theory of mindful space, this essay will illustrate how domestic violence can be prevented, if not at least avoided, by focusing on its primary victim - women. Domestic violence is a serious public health issue that often leads to fatality for victims or serious emotional, psychological, and mental problems for survivors. However as research illustrates, such occurrence is not the result of a single isolated event, but the product of a continuing pattern of abuse that usually "escalates through time in severity and frequency", such that women usually ignore lesser acts of violence until it becomes destructive and unpreventable (cited in Health, 1998, p.1468). In this respect, domestic violence can be prevented if its would-be victims can detect the lesser forms of aggression and employ effective measures even before domestic violence becomes destructive. Such approach, however, is difficult to achieve given the definition that today's literature attaches to viol ence. As Burlae (2004) points out, most definitions identify violence only after it has begun, making it difficult for victims to stop them. Hence, by understanding violence in terms of intimidation, coercion, and emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, women tend to ignore the lesser and less noticeable forms of aggression, allowing the aggression to escalate and become destructive. Such reactions from women can be attributed to today's patriarchal society where cultural norms, impose on them certain roles that make them vulnerable to these acts of violence. Using Virginia Woolf's phrase "angel in the house" description, Burlae explains that the roles women take within the family setting of being charming, sympathetic, selfless, and mindful of others illustrate "characteristics that are antithetical to the possession of one's own territory", making them vulnerable to acts of aggression (2004, p.87). Awareness, in this respect, requires more than disseminating information on what is domestic violence, but instead, re-orienting the victims', especially women, a perception of what constitutes violence. In this respect, Burlae proposes the "theory of mindful space" to help women identify cues early on and help them respond accordingly. As Burlae suggests, violence should be understood as an invasion of one's bodily, personal and cognitive spaces (2004, pp.94-97), which although not always violent per se can be damaging and destructive if left unchecked. Thus, while a husband being passive aggressive to his wife may not be violent itself, it is a violation of his wife's cognitive space, which could escalate to more violent behavior if allowed to persist repeatedly. Hence, he suggests being attentive to such violations of space and setting limits to determine when it is time to seek help, take action, or disengage from a relationship. In this respect, clinicians and social workers play an integral role in helping would-be victims identify invasions of space and craf t preventive strategies.  Ã‚  

The Person I Admire Most Is Nelson Mandela Essay

The Person I Admire Most Is Nelson Mandela - Essay Example Slavery became so evident that the victims panicked, and their bodies sweated, as they would not accumulate the mistreatment anymore. People were ruled through abrasive rules that wounded many lives to the extent many sobbed bitterly. In 1994, discrimination was dismantled through the first democratic election and Nelson Mandela became elected as the president. In his leadership, he emphasized much on forgiveness towards a rainbow nation consisted of unity and harmony. To date, many emulate Nelson as a public figure that transformed South Africa into his leadership. An endless flow of peace and harmony became evident in the nation. Today, he belongs to the category of modern heroes that graced civilizations with his noble contribution and personal charisma. His life characterized a man who was a thirst for freedom, equality, political rights. Still, he was distressed to see his fellow Africans suffering and crying all day long. These broke his heart and infused him with the desire to fight for democracy and liberty for all. He accomplished these with cruel torture, shed blood, and resistance from the whites who disregarded the democratic governance. Additionally, Nelson Mandela spent some years in jail and was severely mistreated. While in Jail, Nelson Mandela could hear his conscience whispering â€Å"Do not give up.† Although the experience was so painful, it reminded him of what the nation would become if he gave up. Winning would mean so much that life would be normal and one could go anywhere he or she wished. During his 27 years in prison, Nelson Mandela became a source of aspiration and inspiration (Mandela and Crwys-Williams 22). Personally, I emulate him because his greatest accomplishment was not only in becoming the president but also in abolishing slavery and discrimination. He ushered in harmony, democratic governance, social harmony, and national unity that many recognizes up-to-date.

Domestic Violence is a Serious Public Health Issue Essay

Domestic Violence is a Serious Public Health Issue - Essay Example Thus, focusing on the theory of mindful space, this essay will illustrate how domestic violence can be prevented, if not at least avoided, by focusing on its primary victim - women. Domestic violence is a serious public health issue that often leads to fatality for victims or serious emotional, psychological, and mental problems for survivors. However as research illustrates, such occurrence is not the result of a single isolated event, but the product of a continuing pattern of abuse that usually "escalates through time in severity and frequency", such that women usually ignore lesser acts of violence until it becomes destructive and unpreventable (cited in Health, 1998, p.1468). In this respect, domestic violence can be prevented if its would-be victims can detect the lesser forms of aggression and employ effective measures even before domestic violence becomes destructive. Such approach, however, is difficult to achieve given the definition that today's literature attaches to viol ence. As Burlae (2004) points out, most definitions identify violence only after it has begun, making it difficult for victims to stop them. Hence, by understanding violence in terms of intimidation, coercion, and emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, women tend to ignore the lesser and less noticeable forms of aggression, allowing the aggression to escalate and become destructive. Such reactions from women can be attributed to today's patriarchal society where cultural norms, impose on them certain roles that make them vulnerable to these acts of violence. Using Virginia Woolf's phrase "angel in the house" description, Burlae explains that the roles women take within the family setting of being charming, sympathetic, selfless, and mindful of others illustrate "characteristics that are antithetical to the possession of one's own territory", making them vulnerable to acts of aggression (2004, p.87). Awareness, in this respect, requires more than disseminating information on what is domestic violence, but instead, re-orienting the victims', especially women, a perception of what constitutes violence. In this respect, Burlae proposes the "theory of mindful space" to help women identify cues early on and help them respond accordingly. As Burlae suggests, violence should be understood as an invasion of one's bodily, personal and cognitive spaces (2004, pp.94-97), which although not always violent per se can be damaging and destructive if left unchecked. Thus, while a husband being passive aggressive to his wife may not be violent itself, it is a violation of his wife's cognitive space, which could escalate to more violent behavior if allowed to persist repeatedly. Hence, he suggests being attentive to such violations of space and setting limits to determine when it is time to seek help, take action, or disengage from a relationship. In this respect, clinicians and social workers play an integral role in helping would-be victims identify invasions of space and craf t preventive strategies.  Ã‚  

Analysis the case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis the case - Essay Example The fact that the company pays well further adds on Stein’s burden of guilt. Stein is also uncomfortable by the fact that his actions, or lack off, may lead to the region’s children partaking contaminated products. He promptly shares this concern with his coworker who conveniently dismisses the concerns. The feeling of empathy that Stein has for the kids also makes him to have second thoughts on the course of action that is being suggested by his coworkers. To further emphasize on his empathy, Stein admits that he feels knots getting tied up in his stomach upon imagining the local lids partaking of milkshakes that have been produced by components from Eastland Dairy. Contrasting factors that ultimately lead to the dilemma and further complicate the decision making process includes the fact that the manufacturing process seems to be self-correcting and that the managers expectations will be met especially when the filter is removed. Admittedly, Stein agrees that the mangers expectations include ensuring that the shift quotas are met and the manufacturing hardware has been cleaned up. Stein as his team will gladly meet such expectations when the filters are removed and the manufacturing process continues without interruption. The profit initiative also influences this outcome. Stopping the process would have been a very costly undertaking for the company. After all, the company exists for purposes of making profit – and they do this by limiting the costs. Another contrasting factor fueling the dilemma faced by Stein is the fact that he has already been informed that the components will still be safe for human consumption nonetheless. Accord ing to a member of the night shift team who is more experienced, the pasteurization and homogenizer process will ensure that the product is safe after all. The fact that everyone on the shift

Daniel Goleman Theory of Emotional Intelligence Essay Example for Free

Daniel Goleman Theory of Emotional Intelligence Essay The cognition ability among humans is as varied as their physical abilities. However, one apparent fact is that they all possess some similar characteristics. Psychologists have often tried to understand humans by studying their behavior and explaining it in terms of sense cognition. As such, it has been argued that the way a person perceives and interprets his physical world, described and exhibited in behavior, is determined by intelligence. However, psychologists are not yet agreed on the exact definition of intelligence even though there are some agreed upon attributes that can be attached to the concept. The ability to comprehend complex ideas, handle situations effectively and reason is varied among humans. It is recognized that this variation is substantial but never consistent as an individual will exhibit different intellectual performance on different occasions. The concept of intelligence is thus aimed at rearranging and clarifying these complex phenomena. There has been progress with regard to rearranging and clarifying these complex phenomena even though they still do not command universal assent. Psychologists have often focused on cognitive aspects on their analysis of intelligence. In other words, emphasis has always been laid on such aspects like memory and problem solving skills. However, some psychologists recognize the importance of non-cognitive aspects in analyzing intelligence. In his definition, David Wechsler identifies such factors like rationality, purposeful action and ability to handle the environment effectively as the main features of intelligence. In his early works, Wechsler identified non-intellective as well as intellective aspects. By intellective and non-intellective aspects, he was referring to social, personal and affective factors. (Wechsler, 1940: 444-445) He further held that the possibility of success in life is dependent upon non-intellective abilities. In recent past, a new aspect has emerged with regard to intelligence and this has been motivated by the need to explain how emotions and thought impact on each other. It is thus in the interest of this paper to look at this aspect of intelligence which has gained prominence in the field of psychology. This new aspect is what has been referred to as emotional intelligence. In this paper, I will look at the development, theories and elements of emotional intelligence. What is Emotional Intelligence: Background The term emotional intelligence was coined by Salovey and Meyer in 1990. When they coined this term, they were well aware of the previous work by other psychologists on non-cognitive aspects of intelligence. In their description of emotional intelligence, Salovey and Meyer viewed it as the ability of an individual to guide his or her thinking and action through monitoring his or her feelings and emotions (and those of others) and compare them against his own. As such, they considered it a form of social intelligence. The study in this field of social intelligence emerged as a result of research in the field of cognition and affect. Research in this area also gained prominence as a result of works by other psychologists who pointed out that there could be a cognitive connection between mood and judgment. These psychologists suggested that there could be a possibility that when a person gets happy, for instance, he is bound to cognitively judge his past positively thus elevating his moods further. On the other hand, bad moods lead to negative thoughts thereby increasing or worsening the condition. Robert Zajonc (1980) suggested that in determining attitudes, feelings played a bigger role than cognition. His argument was that it is feelings which paid attention to the physical world. This view emanated from an empirical conception of human life. It is a widely held position that it is the senses that is responsible for feeding the brain with information for interpretation. This on the other hand affected or is affected by moods and memory. The influence of mood on memory was examined by Gordon Bower who described an activation model of memory. He observed that happy moods influenced happy thoughts while on the other hand, sad moods influenced sad thoughts. (Bower, 1981) According to him, if one was in the state of happiness, he is bound to view his past social actions positively which in turn stimulates positive thoughts. On the other hand, if one is sad, he is bound to view his past as a series of failures within the social realm thereby increasing his sadness. As such, the state of mind influences attitude and cognition. This analysis by Bower helped in the comprehension and explanation of many empirical aspects of emotional intelligence. Much contribution in the field of emotional intelligence was brought by Clerk and Fiskes Affect and Cognition. A departure from research on the interaction between emotion and cognition was marked by the study of emotion and thought by social, personality and cognitive psychologists. The concept of defense mechanism by Sigmund Freud even though put emphasis on the pathological factors, also recognized and emphasized on the interaction between thought and emotion. The view that emotions prejudiced and disrupted thought was inherited when the cognition and affect literature surfaced. The idea that emotions and thought caused biasness went hand in hand with the idea that emotions could be adaptive for thought. This went on as inquiries into emotions and thought diverged from an emphasis on psychopathology to normal everyday thoughts and moods. The result was the idea that intelligence and emotions can integrate to perform complex information processing that either cannot manage independently. This was the development of the concept of emotional intelligence. Salovey and Mayer in their attempt to develop accurate and valid measures of emotional intelligence initiated a research program which was also meant to explore its significance. Daniel Goleman recognized their work which led to his formulation of the theory of emotional intelligence. Theories of Emotional Intelligence There is a general conception that emotion and intelligence are two distinct concepts which cannot integrate. As such, the term emotional intelligence appears as a contradiction. However, emotions often convey messages which can be processed. That is, they signal relations. This assumption makes the term sensible. Philosophers have often inquired into the nature and meaning of emotions and came into a conclusion that they define the relationship between an individual and other members of the society. As such, every emotion defines an individuals relationship with himself and his relationship with others. There is a universality and regularity in the meaning of emotions. Comprehending the universal meaning of emotions was adopted by cognition and affect researchers. A system which defined joy as a positive feeling which comes after an assurance that an action will be rewarded and relief as a positive feeling which points to the absence of punishment was outlined by Roseman (1984). A similar approach was taken up by Ortony, Clore and Collins (1988) which defined joy as a â€Å"well being† emotion which comes as a result of self reaction to desirable occurrence. Emotional intelligence can be fragmented into four branches of abilities. These include perceiving and expressing emotions, integrating emotions in thoughts, comprehending and managing emotions. All these are important in the overall theory of emotional intelligence. Perceiving Emotions Accurate perception is the first step in emotional information processing. The system of emotional perception is a product of evolution built through time so as to facilitate communication between parent and child. The child therefore learns emotions from the mother. For instance, when the infant smiles, her mother reflects back the kind of face associated with smiling which in this case is contracting the cheeks muscles. As a person grows, he learns to generalize patterns of how emotions are manifested in the physical realm which includes objects, artwork and even other people. For instance, a person may associate a relaxed shouldered posture with calmness. Emotional integration After the perception of an emotion, it has the capacity to influence cognition at various points of processing. Emotional integration thus focuses on the contributions that emotion makes in the reasoning process. Various suggestions have been put forward on how emotions may facilitate cognition. According to Easterbrook (1959), Mandler (1975) and Simon (1982), emotions provide an impulse to prioritization. (Tad. In John D. Mayer, Emotions, Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence. p. 420) For instance, someone in deep concentration in say, a movie is oblivious of the surrounding environment, even the couch he is seated on. Nonetheless, he may experience a growing sense of anxiety and on hearing the voices of children outside; he realizes that he is supposed to be in a psychology class. The interrupting anxiety to some extent is a second processing system independent of the central cognitive system. As such, it enables cognition to direct resources to a problem until and unless a competing response emerges. Another way through which emotions help cognition is by functioning as a secondary store about emotions themselves. For instance, if an artist wants to paint suffering, he reflects back on an experience or scene of suffering and recreates the feeling. The act of mood cycling or mood switching is another way through which emotions contribute to intelligence. Cognitive system is often refreshed by mood alterations. These mood alterations have a consequence of bringing various emotional tools to handle a particular problem. According to Mayer, a shift in judgment through increasing motivational direction may enhance functioning. (Ibid. 421) A cycling of moods also provides different perspectives on a subject or problem thereby enhancing creativity. Mood can also assist intelligence by providing implicit information on past experiences. As such they act as references in decision making processes. For instance, one may have some facts on a given event but still would not be in a position to choose which of his alternatives is best for him. As such, he reflects back on his feelings towards those alternatives. Emotions thus summarize these past experiences. Comprehending Emotion The closest branch to traditional intelligence is understanding emotions. The hypothesis is that there exists a mental processor whose main function is to understand, abstract and reason about emotional data. Labeling feelings and understanding what they represent are just but part of this processing. For instance, one may label a feeling love. As such, he or she recognizes that love reflects upon relationship with other people. Emotion Management This is the final branch to emotional intelligence model. It involves the management of emotions for personal development and growth. For instance, an informative emotion enables one to gather information about his environment, especially the social environment, if one opens himself for such information. People open to sadness will best understand the painful conditions which man has to grapple with in the course of existence. This also enhances the good in the sense that one may not be in the position to appreciate blessings if he doe not understand the difficulties in life. For instance, after sacrificing ones time to study hard, he may achieve happiness when he graduates with a first class honors. However, openness is not the end of management. The knowledge gained from perceiving, integrating and understanding emotional dispositions must be put into practical use in order to maximize emotional management. In other words, it is through perceiving and understanding emotions that one knows the consequences of experiencing them or blocking them. The theory has left open the way in which emotional intelligence manage emotions. Intelligence enables one to explore and evaluate possibilities with their own goals in mind. Even though one may hope that many people manage their emotions well, emotionally intelligent individuals at times manage their feelings negatively. Discussion The foundations of the new theory of emotional intelligence are based on the field of cognition and affect. As inquiries were made on how thoughts were altered by emotions by cognition and affect researchers, a shift emerged from the clinical researchers who emphasized on how thoughts were pathologized by emotions. Normalization of such phenomena was started by the cognition and affect researchers who who found them in everyday human behavior. The focus of emotional intelligence was thus how emotions and intelligence facilitate each other mutually in order to create a high level of emotional information processing and a higher level of thought. A model of emotional intelligence was formulated which viewed it as a form of intelligence mainly concerned with processing emotional signals related to relationships. As such, emotional intelligence is concerned with the capacity to consider emotions rationally for better management. Measuring Emotional Intelligence The assessment of intelligence is done entirely by ability tests. As observed earlier, theoretical model construction and measurement procedures are involved in the development of emotional intelligence. Individuals who take ability tests are subjected to relevant mental tasks within a controlled environment. This is meant to measure their optimum mental performance. However, the examination of many different skills which may be tied to intelligence is a requirement for the establishment of intelligence. This is so because the existence of intelligence is based upon the intercorrelation between skills which also develop with age. The Value of Emotional Intelligence When people are confronted with setbacks or failure, they tend to make some causal attributions. Optimists tend to make external attributions that are temporary and specific while pessimists make internal attributions which are universal and permanent. This is according to learned optimism construct developed by Martin Seligman. In a research carried among salesmen by Seligman and his colleague, they found that optimistic new salesmen sold more insurance in their first years than the pessimistic ones. When the company hired another group of individuals who failed normal screening but scored high on optimism, the made more sales than the pessimists by 21 per cent. (Schulman, 1995). an aspect of emotional intelligence which has exhibited much success is the ability to handle stress and manage feelings. Tests of Emotional Intelligence According to Goleman, even though entry level executive positions require technical skills and IQ, high emotional intelligence is an integral part of high performance leadership. A simple emotional test based on theories by Goleman can help identify emotional intelligence and leadership. As such, one may establish his emotional intelligence through the use of emotional intelligence test so long as it is based firmly on emotional intelligence theory. A happier and more balanced lifestyle can be achieved by an awareness of ones emotional abilities which may also help in improving his emotional intelligence. Rating of ones ability to regulate his emotions in a balanced and healthy manner can be achieved through emotional intelligence tests. After the completion of the test, an individual is in a better position to comprehend his greatest emotional strengths and weaknesses which enables him to evaluate his aptitude in every emotional category. Emotional intelligence theory is also important in identifying the emotional intelligence of a child which provides abase for emotional intelligence training. Developing emotional intelligence skills require that one is in a position to identify his emotional intelligence strengths and weaknesses. References Bower, G. , H, (1981) Mood and Memory. American Psychologist. 36, 129-148 ed. John D. Mayer, Emotions, Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence. p. 420 Goleman D. (1995) Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Mayer, J. Salovey, P. Choosing a Measure of Emotional Intelligence: The Case for Ability Scales. In R. Ban-On Handbook for Emotional Intelligence. Guilford Wechsler, D. (1940) Non intellective Factors in General Intelligence, Psychological Bulletin, 37, 444-445 Zajonc, R. , B. , (1980) Feeling and Thinking: References Need No Inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151-175

The Effects Of Foreign Species Introduction On An Ecosystem :: essays research papers

The Effects of Foreign Species Introduction On An Ecosystem   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The effects of foreign species introduction into an ecosystem are very profound. From small microorganisms to species of large mammals, many foreign species introductions occur every day. New implications of their introduction are found just as often.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When a foreign species is introduced into an ecosystem, often the ecosystem contains no natural predators for the new species. This lack of predators sometimes leads to; in conjunction with a supply of food suitable for the new species, a period of exponential growth of the species. This growth and severe increase in the size of the population can cause a shortage of food for native species. When this occurs, the native species disappear and the biodiversity in the ecosystem is reduced. The carrying capacity is also reduced because the ecosystem will not be capable of supporting the same amount of life. If one species hogs the food and does not contribute itself to the food chain, the balance is disrupted and there will be less available for the native species. Once the new species has found its ecological niche however, balance begins to restore itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the biodiversity in the ecosystem is reduced, the ability of the ecosystem to grow, or the biotic potential, is as well reduced. More species residing in an ecosystem which depend on each other allows for a greater chance of survival and perpetuation. This may occur for several reasons, for example a bee and a flower. The bee requires the pollen of the flower to make its honey. However, while gathering the pollen from the flowers, it transfers some of the pollen to female flowers, allowing them to make seeds and spawn further generations. However, a foreign species may, for example, eat the bees therefore allowing for decreased fecundity of the flowers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another implication of the introduction of foreign species into an ecosystem is the potential for toxins to be spread up the species chain is increased. For example, in ports all over the world, ships empty their ballast tanks containing large amounts of sea water, often laced with organisms not naturally found in their new region. The zebra mussel provides food for a certain type of fish, and also contains several toxins because it is a filter feeder. The level of toxins in the fish due to the biological amplification is high. But if and when a new type of fish are introduced, which eats zebra mussels and provides a more preferred food for the fish which formerly ate the mussels, a new level of biological amplification is inserted.

Colorblind Love Essay -- Pesronal Narrative Ethnicity Racism Papers

Colorblind Love I met my wife Aretha in the fall of 1997; she had just moved from Portland, Oregon, to my hometown of Portland, Maine. By Christmas we were dating, and before we knew it we were both graduating and heading to Boston for college. We’re now happily married and have a one-year-old baby girl. It sounds like a classic high school sweetheart romance, right? Well, to us, yes. But to many people, we’re â€Å"different†. These people’s views have nothing to do with our love, our relationship, or our daughter. They have to do with race. Yes, I’m talking about the mere color of our skin. My wife is Black and I am White. We’re both Americans, born on the same soil and raised within the same language and popular culture—all variables are equal except for our skin color. Yet many people see us as two entirely different types of people who do not belong together, as if Cupid’s arrows discriminate. Have these bigots ever bothered us? Of course, we’ve been affected in some ways. But overall, we thank them for their ignorance, as our relationship has only grown stronger. For instance, if we’re at the mall and a few people stare at us or point in our direction, we smile and wrap our arms around each other even tighter. A major reason we receive stares and assume special status is not only because of people’s views, but also because we are relatively rare. Slavery was abolished almost 140 years ago and our own parents witnessed the civil rights movement of the 1960’s. So why do interracial marriages still only account for 2.9 percent of all American marriages according to the latest U.S. Census data? Or more specifically, why do Black/White couples like Aretha and me account for only 0.7 percent? Of course there is no simple answer ... ... will approach melting pot status; the blender will grind the vegetables. If my grandchildren ever have to write a paper like this, my hope is that it will document success and the achievement of real racial equality. Works Cited: Randall Kennedy, Interracial Intimacies: Sex, Marriage, Identity, and Adoption, Pantheon Books, 2003; Maria Root, Love’s Revolution: Interracial Marriage, Temple University Press, 2001; Maria Root, â€Å"The Color of Love,† The American Prospect, 8 Apr. 2002; Michael Lind, â€Å"Far From Heaven,† The Nation, 16 Jun. 2003; Regan Good, â€Å"Questions for Randall Kennedy: Color Dynamics,† New York Times Magazine, 9 Feb. 2003; â€Å"Racial Patterns Across the United States,† Society, Nov./Dec. 2001; United States Census Bureau, "Interracial Married Couples", 12 Jun 2003, http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/hh-fam/ tabMS-3.pdf.

Leaders in the Local Church Essay

Lay leaders can simply be defined as persons chosen from the congregation by ordained leaders to serve as helpers performing such duties as may be delegated or assigned to them in accordance to their church ordinances. More and more ministers are finding themselves weighed down by the demands of the ministry. They are thus unable to be effective in meeting the changing needs of their flock. This has created a need to have different other people taking off some of the less sensitive responsibilities from the ordained clergies’ hands. The concept of lay leadership is however not just a modern day phenomenon; it is deeply rooted in the Bible. Deuteronomy 1:9-13 gives an account in which Moses appoints leaders to take off from him some of the responsibilities that were threatening to overwhelm him. Similarly in the book of 1 kings 19:19, Elijah acquires an attendant in the person of Elisha to serve as a helper in his duties as a prophet. The Apostle Paul also surrounded himself with spiritual people like Timothy and Titus to mention a few to whom he delegated different duties in his mission to preach the good news to the gentiles. The clearest illustration of the significance of lay leadership is however to be found in the New Testament book of the Acts of the Apostles Chapter 6 form verse 1 onwards. In this account, the Apostles as well as the entire group found it wise to appoint seven Godly men to take over responsibilities that were important but did not warrant the attention of the Apostles. In this paper, different lessons will be gleaned from the above scriptures and many others to help in the understanding of the issue at hand. Church leaders are different from either organizational or political leaders and only leaders who seek God’s grace and lead by the grace of the Almighty will be able to maintain the Satan inflicted jolts that characterize today’s ministry of the word of God. 1 The church is undergoing enormous statistical growth but the same is not being experienced in discipleship. Leadership of the church requires individuals who are able to rise above their individual capacities and seek Gods guidance. Shallow leadership is the reason why the church today is struggling to meet the seemingly insurmountable challenges. 2 The church needs godly leaders who are able to fully submit to Jesus Christ and be in complete communion with the Creator. Leaders, who can be disciple makers, honor God and be able to fulfill His Will. There are times when Gods reassuring gift in leadership is obviated making the leadership journey long, arduous, bumpy and jerky akin to rides across rocky mountains. At times the leadership might seem long, dry and desolate often punctuated with seasons when we feel that our leadership is devoid of Gods assistance. It is these experiences that call for insistence on Gods reassuring grace and guidance. Developing leadership in the church is no mean treat as it not only requires leaders to develop a strong rapport with the creator for their own souls but also for the souls of the followers of Christ. God’s spirit reassures, inspires, instructs and guides leaders in the Church as they take that long arduous journey to sainthood and spiritual maturity as our creator commanded. However, it is not easy to develop leaders in the church without succinctly analyzing the philosophy of spiritual leadership. Through, spiritual instruction, God used criticism of leadership or trials to stimulate spiritual revival or to inspire fresh visionary leadership for the future ministry of the word of God. The Biblical desert trek under the leadership of Moses was such an instance when God used the desolate desert to create new frontiers in leadership. By working through the hands of servant leaders, a new vision is created to circumvent, surmount or wade through the challenges required in developing a spiritual oversight and even in building new teams in the church. 1 ii. Importance of Leadership Development Strategies for Training Leaders in the Local Church. Training leaders in the church is an ongoing process that cannot be done haphazardly. It requires a leadership development strategy that helps in identifying, recruiting and training potential lay leaders in any church. The health, the growth and the success of any church or its local branches is solely dependent on the availability of effective and efficient church leadership program that not only inspires the congregation to spiritual; maturity but also discovers and builds the innate potentials of leadership and service in others. Consistency in training of lay leaders may well determine the level of growth and spiritual well being of entire churches. Humanistic philosophies permeate from our culture and these in turn affect the strategies we use in developing leadership in churches. These humanistic philosophies spread a desire that we should be whoever we want to be. Contrarily, God disdains such attempts and instead calls upon humanity to be as his only begotten Son Christ was. This means that good leadership is not a result of a personal ambition but a Godly desire that can only be achieved when leaders are trained to act as our Creator instructed us to act. That is why good leaders can only be shepherds but not saviors; they can only be leaders but not lords and guides to the congregation but not gods of the people of God. 1 In the book of Acts of the Apostles chapter 6, the process of choosing the seven men was done prayerfully and the chosen men were dependable men filled with the spirit. It is important therefore that the process follow the biblical example. Otherwise, when leadership strategies in the church deviate from the Gods commands and instructions on good leadership and instead focus on improving on human efforts alone, spiritual leaders achieve positions of worldly power but not the grace of God. Strategies for leadership should only train leaders to carry out their spiritual obligations as a reflection of what Christ wanted. It is testament today guidelines for church leadership are being drawn from secular platforms without a succinct review of the Christian authoritative text for standard protocols for servant leadership. Because of this reason church leaders are being removed from a worldly instituted office and recycled in various capacities that are only temporary in nature while ideally spiritual leaders are lifetime learners who are obligated by the scriptures to offer lifetime guidance to the flock. It is only by the grace of the Lord that leaders can be able to learn and consequently act as leaders with a spiritual disposition that is created only by the Holy Spirit. In this stride, spiritual leaders should be confident in God but not exhibit self confidence, they should not only know men but also know God. In making decisions they should seek Gods will and not solely rely on their own human capability in making decisions. In Spiritual leadership by J. Oswald Sanders, spiritual leaders should be able to humble in leadership and not be overly ambitious, they should never seek personal rewards but they should love God and other with all their powers. One who enjoys command, treasures independent leadership and creates his own methods of leadership can only be said to be driven by fleshly ambitions. On the other hand, Godly leaders delight in their obedience to God and follow His instructions while shunning the lusts of the flesh. They do not treasure independence in leadership but tend to depend in God and follow His examples.

Filmography Notes on the Opening Scene of the Darjeeling Limited

Fast paced Indian music builds tension even before the opening credits have stopped rolling Establishing shot indian city, while not revealed as india at this point the viewer associates the architecture as foreign in some exotic location, one car on the road, depth created by background being out of focus and leading lines created by the road. High angle extreme long shot, zoom to reveal tracking shot of taxi cab and people in exotic attire and foreign style tricycle cabs, gives the viewer more information about setting while the tracking of the car establishes the subject of viewingInside the cab we have a rig attached to car on passenger side tracking shot representing the perspective of the passenger reveals the fare meter in the right third of the shot letting the viewer know that the car is a cab, the frame is balanced by cars and people on the left side of the street opposite the cab far meter, the frame quick pans to create a fast pacing and to reveal taxicab driver. he has a beard and is wearing a turban, a signifier of India from a western viewpoint, also is a frame within a frame because of drivers side window.From inside the car the camera is mounted on the dashboard of the cab to show the audience the passenger, Bill Murray. The taxi driver is placed in the left third while the passenger is placed in the right third, the cabs frame serves as leading lines creating depth in the frame His business man attire contrasts the taxicab driver's outfit and the setting, showing he is a foreigner in this country, the reckless maneuvering of the cab, honking and engine sounds, and the frantic look on his face tells the audience that the passenger is worried about being somewhere on time.Low angle tracking shot behind the car creates a tension and intensity by creating a feeling of the car moving faster as the camera moves further away, honking and motorcycle engine noise fading in and out create the illusion of the speed of the taxicab Close up on cab driver, then zooms in again to extreme close up to allow the audience to focus on the cab drivers intense focus, facial expressions help viewers to feel the emotions the director wishes to convey, here his intense expression and the background flying by in the frame of the window.Next shot is from bill Murray's perspective, over the shoulder shot over the cab driver looking out the center of the windshield as they race thru the busy city street, frame within a frame, shot is balanced by colorful awnings, signs, and tall buildings on the right and people in bright clothing walking on the opposite side of the street. The cab fare meter also rests on the bottom left to balance out the cab driver and steering wheel who are on the right.The camera then flips around to reveal the anxious look on bill Murray's face as he checks his watch again revealing that he is on some sort of deadline creating tension and fast pacing in the scene the back window is once again a frame within a frame and the cam era is placed at slightly below eye level, shot then switches to the cab drivers point of view though lowered to about his chest level, the steering wheel is revealed to have a symmetrical shrine like set up of beads and small paintings of people and a temple, the steering wheel frames the entire shrine like setup, the drivers hand is balanced by the red sticker on the right of the dashboard, outside of the windshield colorful and exotic scenery can be seen, shadows of cars created by natural lighting and the yellow guardrail separating the street create leading lines giving depth to the background.The next shot is a tracking shot at the front of the cab, the shot has incredible depth thanks to the leading lines of the buildings lining the street, frame centered on the taxicab as it barely misses motorcyclists and medians, close up on bill Murray's character placed in the right third of the shot, his face still showing distress, the camera then continues to bounce rapidly from the s ame shots in and around the cab to promote the sense of urgency until the cab pulls up to the entrance of a train station, the camera takes a static shot as the cab pulls in to be centered in the frame, people in vibrant Indian garb are placed evenly on either side of the car as It pulls in creating a well balanced closed frame with depth being created by the awning of the train station and the lines it creates, people also placed in foreground and background, otherwise flat frame, very still photo-like shotAs Murray's character exits the car the camera is positioned outside the cab and zoomed in on the face of the driver, the zoom is slowly pulled out to represent the movement of the subject as the passenger flees from the cab in too much of a hurry to pay, the cabbie angrily shakes his fist and screams in Indian, another indicator of setting in the opening scene The camera then follows Murray's character through the train station, in first a handheld tracking shot to create the ef fect of running like the character does and then a dolly tracking shot, people are placed in the foreground to create the feeling of crowdedness at the station and the camera follows keeping a 45 degree angle behind the subject to create leading lines in the station, the subject is also always kept in the right third to create a more interesting shot.At the ticket counter the camera is behind, people's heads cropped tightly in the frame to again create the feeling of crowdedness of the train station, the positioning of the camera gives the audience the feel of standing in line as Murray's character barges on and cuts to the front of the line saying â€Å"that's my train† finally reveals to the audience what the conflict is in this scene, pointing off screen, the characters actions and the cropping of people and the fence of the ticket counter create an open frame that leads to the next shot of the train pulling away from the station, then a sudden pan to the businessman runni ng into the frame, chasing the train ,to maintain the fast and urgent pacing. A handheld tracking shot follows Murray as he runs along the boarding platform after the train he was trying to catch, as Murray runs past the camera, the camera pans to follow behind him and reveals the train, moving slightly faster than the businessman can run The next shot then frames the back of the caboose and an Indian boy standing in the right third of the frame, the camera slowly tilts down to reveal the name of the train â€Å"the Darjeeling limited† and also the title of the movie An extreme close up profile of Murray's character as he screams wait! Wait!Murray's head hides a younger man, adrien Brody, who comes into view as he runs slightly faster past Murray. They exchange glances as brody outruns murray in a mad dash for the train. While the audience has been lead to believe that the businessman was the protagonist we were to follow on this adventure he instead falls behind Fast paced I ndian music cuts out and a slower song this time tomorrow by the kinks begins to play, the next shot is a slow motion dolly tracking shot following the train in the left third of the frame as brody's character, peter enters into the frame from the right, he catches up to the back of the train, throws his bags on, and hoists himself on the train.Natural light brightly illuminates the background, the shot is slightly over exposed to augment the intensity of the sun in the shot, His eyes can be seen looking off screen and then a close up reveals a sympathetic look on peters face, he pulls up his glasses showing that he is looking at something, the camera flips around to his perspective in a dolly shot or mount on the back of the train, the train tracks and boarding platform lead our eyes back to the businessman who has been left behind by the train, Murray's character looks exhausted and disgusted. Another close up of Peter, he smiles, grateful that he did not end up like the businessm an, also here we can see shadows closely, because of the natural lighting used throughout the lighting techniques were somewhat limited The slowing of the music and the slow motion shots bring the pacing of the film back down to the signature slow and deliberate pacing of Wes Anderson films